Climate change: a threat to Mediterranean marine life and our society

The Mediterranean Sea, a vibrant center of abundant biodiversity and a meeting point for millennia-old cultures, is facing an unprecedented climate crisis that seriously threatens its fragile marine ecosystem. The combined effects of climate change, pollution, and human activity are severely challenging our "mare nostrum," with consequences extending far beyond the borders of its waters. One of the major concerns regards phytoplankton, the foundation of the marine food chain. These microorganisms are vital for life on our planet, as they contribute significantly to the production of oxygen in the sea and a portion of atmospheric oxygen. Additionally, as mentioned earlier, they represent the base of the aquatic organisms' food web. Thanks to their crucial role in the marine ecosystem and their high sensitivity to environmental parameters, cetaceans serve as a key indicator for assessing the health of the ocean. By tracking the behavior and presence of these creatures, we can gather detailed insights into the impacts of climate change on the marine environment, thus contributing to a deeper understanding of its overall dynamics and well-being.

As a matter of fact, global warming, changes in weather patterns, and the reduction of oxygen in the marine depths are impacting the distribution and abundance of these microscopic marine plants. This reduction is primarily attributed to the increasing water temperature and the decrease in ocean circulation, phenomena closely linked to climate change. The lack of oxygen, known as hypoxia, can lead to a state of anoxia, an environment in which many marine species cannot survive, causing the death of extensive areas of the seabed. Among the main species disappearing in the Mediterranean, we find commercially valuable fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. These conditions mark a broad crisis for the commercial sector as well, which makes a profit from the fishing and sale of such species. Additionally, there are species facing extinction due to marine pollution, such as marine turtles and dolphins, which can mistakenly ingest plastics and waste or become entangled in fishing nets, causing them internal and external damage. As a result, the unique ecosystems of the Mediterranean and their endemic species are at risk of disappearing due to rising temperatures and ocean acidification. These factors hinder the adaptation of marine species and escalate the pressures on their survival.

In greater detail, the Mediterranean is facing a faster rate of warming compared to the global average, with direct consequences such as rising sea levels and salinization of coastal aquifers. These alterations pose a threat to groundwater reservoirs, crucial for numerous communities. Scientific research conducted since 2000 has aimed to understand the impact of climate change on the increase of extreme weather events in the Mediterranean area, highlighting a rise in heatwaves, changes in seasonal patterns, and an increase in droughts, especially in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean nations, likely exacerbated by human activities.

Another critical aspect to emphasize is undoubtedly the effect that the Mediterranean climate change has on the economy. All recurring extreme weather phenomena in the Mediterranean area are directly impacting vital sectors such as agriculture and fisheries, ultimately compromising food production and jeopardizing food security. Moreover, the rising sea levels pose a risk to coastal areas, potentially resulting in damage to infrastructure and tourism activities. Furthermore, the growing climate instability may significantly undermine the political and economic stability of the region, potentially leading to global consequences. Thus, the economic, industrial, and geopolitical landscape faces a threat due to the ongoing climate crisis affecting the Mediterranean Sea.

Fortunately, we have not yet reached a point of no return. Therefore, it is imperative to take swift action by implementing mitigation and adaptation strategies. Initially, we must reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the adoption of more sustainable energy policies and the integration of renewable energies. Ensuring the preservation of marine protected areas and promoting sustainable fishing practices are essential measures to be taken. Additionally, advocating for technological advancements, promoting sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate coastal pollution, and implementing adaptation measures to improve water resource management are further critical steps. Strong international collaboration is necessary to address the challenges facing the Mediterranean, requiring a long-term global commitment. Without this dedication, the preservation of natural resources and the assurance of a sustainable future for present and future generations will remain an elusive goal.

Translated by Iuliana Cindrea

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