Framing The World, XCV Edition

Framing The World, XCV Edition

In the new issue of FTW we cover elections, from those in Israel where the center-right coalition won, to Lula's triumph in Brazil. News also continues to arrive from Iran, where the journalists who first denounced the case of Mahsa Amini face the death penalty. We will then deal with the recovery of the world economy, which affects both the EU and the United States. All this and much more in the 95th issue of Framing the World!

HUMAN RIGHTS

ECONOMICS AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

NORTH AMERICA

LATIN AMERICA

ASIA AND THE FAR EAST

WESTERN EUROPE AND EUROPEAN UNION

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND RUSSIA

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA)

TERRORISM AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

HUMAN RIGHTS

Sudan. A twenty-year-old girl to be stoned on adultery charges. It is the first case of lapidation in Sudan in a decade. The young lady, after separating from her husband, had moved back to her parents’ house. She was then accused of adultery. There is evidence that the girl’s confession and trial was filled with multiple irregularities. In fact, the police apparently reported an illegally obtained confession other than having denied any defense representation. Stoning, in Sudan, is an ancient costume that involves the entire community, which must stone the accused. This practice represents a public atonement. The girl is now imprisoned waiting for the Court of appeal to express the final verdict. According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which Sudan is a state party, the application of the death penalty by stoning is a violation of international law since it violates the right to life and the prohibition of torture.

(Chiara Giovannoni)

Italy, anti-rave party decree law passed. On 31 October, during the first operational Council of Ministers, Giorgia Meloni's government passed the decree-law on rave parties. The text, in its current form, introduces 434-bis of the Penal Code, which establishes a new crime: 'Invasion of land or buildings for gatherings dangerous to public order or public safety or public health'. Whoever organises these 'invasions' - committed by at least 50 persons - can be punished by imprisonment of three to six years and a fine of 1,000 to 10,000 euro. In addition, the decree allows the use of eavesdropping on chats and social networks to know in advance where and when such demonstrations will take place. On 3 November, the decree was officially presented to the Senate and, after controversy arose, the government opened up the possibility of amendments.

(Lorenzo Franceschetti)

Iran, the women that firstly spoke about Mahsa Amini’s death are now risking death penalty. After having denounced the girl’s death to the world, which happened in the custody of Iran’s morality police, Niloofar Hamedi and Elahe Mohammadi have been accused of being international spies. Hamedi was the first journalist to publish a photo of Amina’s parents outside of the hospital ward in which the girl was recovered. She has been arrested, transferred, and isolated in the Evin prison, north of Tehran, without any clarification about her formal charges. Mohammadi reported Amini’s funeral, and for this reason, she has been incarcerated other than being deprived of some personal items such as her laptop and phone. In a joint statement released by Iran’s ministry of intelligence and the intelligence organization of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards, the two women have been accused of being international spies, and describe the protests as a pre-planned operation between several intelligence agencies such as Cia and Mossad.

(Chiara Giovannoni)

Nigeria, Human Rights Watch condemns closure of refugee camps. On 2 November, Human Rights Watch published a 59-page report condemning the decision of the Nigerian state of Borno to shut down its camps for people displaced by the Boko Haram conflict. The government violated the rights of the more than 200,000 displaced individuals to sufficient shelter, food, and means of subsistence by failing to provide them with either. Anietie Ewang, a Nigerian researcher with Human Rights Watch and author of the report, urged the UN to respond more actively and effectively to prevent and mitigate harm to displaced people in Borno State and to suspend the closure of further camps until adequate plans are in place.

(Lorenzo Franceschetti)

Lorenzo Franceschetti e Chiara Giovannoni

ECONOMICS AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE

Europe, is the storm clearing? Driving away, at least for the moment, the winds of recession are Germany's third-quarter GDP, which surprisingly grew by 0.3% (expected -0.2%), Italy's (+0.5%) and Sweden's (+0.7%), data that support the European trend of weak growth but just enough to avoid a recession after France and Spain both recorded +0.2%, a figure that also matches the eurozone and EU result. More mixed were the inflation figures, which fell only in Spain (third consecutive decline) from 10.7 to 7.3 %, while rising sharply in the other major economies: from 6.2 to 7.1 % in France, from 9.4 to 12.8 % in Italy (expected 9.9%), from 10 to 11.6 % in Germany (the highest since the 1950s), for an overall result, for the eurozone, of +10.7 %. The ECB then had little doubt in raising benchmark rates by 75 basis points, bringing the main refinancing rate to 2%, the deposit rate to 1.5%, and the marginal lending rate to 2.25%.

U.S., the economy seems fine. Like Europe, the U.S. appears to have avoided (or postponed) entering a recession: after the two quarters of negative growth that had caused so much discussion about the definition of a technical recession, the GDP in the third quarter largely beat forecasts reaching +2.6% thanks to strong trade balance figures (exports +14%, imports -7%). Other positive indications came from the University of Michigan Index of Consumer Sentiment, up to 59.9 from 58.6 in September, the fourth consecutive month of increases, a reduction in unemployment claims, down to 217,000, and strong growth in the labor market, which added 261,000 jobs in October versus the 200,000 expected by economists and overshadowing the slight increase in the unemployment rate, which rose from historic lows of September by +0.2% to 3.7%.

Federal Reserve, a disappointment for the markets. After the ECB and the Bank of England, the Fed too opted for a rate hike of 75 basis points, the fourth consecutive one of such size, reaching a range of 3.75 to 4.0 %, the highest since 2008. In the press release, the bank indicated that for future decisions it will take into consideration the "cumulative tightening" and the lag with which this will affect inflation and economic activity, words interpreted by the markets as a sign of an imminent hiatus in the rate hikes policy. However, in the subsequent press conference, Chairman Powell clarified that it is "very premature" to talk about a pause given that inflation is not yet under control, but he then opened up to smaller hikes from the December meeting or the next one. Wall Street's reaction was immediate: declines between 1.6 % (Dow) and 3.4% (Nasdaq) for the session, while for the week the Dow lost 1.4%, the S&P 500 3.3%, and the Nasdaq 5.6%.

OPEC, a rising demand. Since the beginning of the year, the oil sector has been the top performer in the market (+62 %), thanks naturally to the rises in crude oil prices caused by geopolitical tensions but also because of the recovery in demand following the return to post-pandemic normality, albeit with the significant exception of China. The exporters' cartel, OPEC, now predicts that in the medium term demand will continue to increase despite the transition to alternative energies, reaching 105.5 million barrels per day in 2025, 9 million more than today and 5 million more than in 2019. Moreover, if developed economies will likely reach peak consumption by 2024, developing countries will sustain demand until at least 2044 due to economic and population growth, and to be met this will require $12.1 trillion in investment.

Turkey, a negative record. The latest inflation data show that the unconventional approach decided by President Erdogan to cut interest rates amid high inflation, totally contrary to economic doctrine, is not working, quite the contrary. In fact, for the 17th consecutive month, the inflation rate has been rising, reaching 85.5 % in October, a full 17 times higher than the central bank's target and at 24-year highs. In particular, food and non-alcoholic beverages doubled in 12 months, while transportation costs rose 120 %. The Turkish figure, one of the highest in the world and preceded by a few countries such as Zimbabwe, Venezuela, and Lebanon, is likely to get worse given the government's promises of higher wages and cheaper mortgages ahead of next year's elections and future rate cuts that will further weaken the lira.

Leonardo Aldeghi

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Kenya, hundreds of children buried in a mass grave. The Daily Nation newspaper highlighted the disturbing situation at Kenyatta National Hospital, a hospital in Kenya's capital, Nairobi, where the bodies of more than two hundred children have been lying in the mortuary for months. The bodies have not been claimed by anyone; by law, relatives or acquaintances of the deceased have 21 days to obtain the bodies of their loved ones, but often no one shows up. This fact is often due to the families' inability, given widespread poverty in the country, to meet funeral expenses. The hospital's director, Evanson Kamuri, explained that there are many patients who die each month at the facility whose bodies are never claimed. Due to the hospital's disposal requirements, it is no longer possible to keep the children's bodies in the mortuary, so it was decided that they will be buried in a mass grave. The director specified, justifying the decision to bury the 233 bodies in one space, that there is a need to create space for new bodies and that this will not be possible until the proper burial procedure is carried out.

(Andrea Ghilardi)

Universal internet network, 100 billion needed for Africa. A recent report published by Ecofin Pro highlights how Africa will need very large investments, amounting to about $100 billion, to build nearly 250 thousand telecommunications towers and at least 250 thousand kilometers of additional fiber optics needed to achieve universal internet coverage by 2030. The same report points out that in 2021, the communications towers already in place on the continent were 60 percent owned by mobile operators, with the rest held by the telecommunications infrastructure managers of the various countries.

(Andrea Ghilardi)

South Sudan, dozens of suspicious deaths in parliament. There have been more than 50 deaths of members of the lower house of the Sudanese parliament since the transitional National Legislative Assembly, or so-called lower house of the national parliament, was reconstituted in August 2021. An average of about four casualties each month, one death per week. As reported by the news site The City Review, this unusual number of deaths among the ranks of parliamentarians is causing deep concern for the entire parliament, which was also confirmed by the vice-chairman of the parliamentary committee on the affairs, ethics and integrity of members of parliament, Alier Samuel Ateny, who pointed out the major repercussions that these deaths have on the activities of the assembly and its related offices. Although most of the deceased were elderly people, missing due to heart attacks, the high number still raises suspicions. This is also because in several cases the death occurred without knowledge of any particular illness or risk.

(Andrea Ghilardi)

Somalia, two explosions killed 100 people in Mogadishu. The blood trail continues in Somalia after two car bombs exploded in Mogadishu, the country’s capital. The number of dead has exceeded one hundred, while more than 300 are injured. Within minutes, two explosions followed. One in the vicinity of the Ministry of Education and the second in the same area near a crowded restaurant. Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, president of Somalia, has, in fact, issued an appeal for international aid in the city, especially for the arrival of medical personnel. The victims are all civilians, including many women and children. According to the authorities behind the explosions there is still the terrorist group of Al-Shabaab although no claims have yet arrived.

(Giulio Ciofini)

Andrea Ghilardi and Giulio Ciofini

NORTH AMERICA

Trump, towards re-nomination. Donald Trump could announce his re-nomination for the White House in the 2024 elections on November 14, close to the Midterm vote. The tycoon himself had anticipated his intentions at a rally in Iowa, revealing the desire for a new electoral race. "To make our country prosperous and safe and glorious," Trump said.

Twitter, Musk-wanted mass layoff kicks off. The entrepreneur plans to eliminate 3,700 jobs, about half of the social media company's workforce, 7,500 employees in all, in an effort to cut costs. Musk, who recently acquired the platform for $ 44 billion, also intends to reverse the company's existing policy on remote working by asking remaining employees to report to offices. A group of now former Twitter employees filed a class action suit in the San Francisco court against Elon Musk's company, accusing it of not having received the 60-day notice required by law.

Biden, "Our democracy is under attack". According to US president Joe Biden, US democracy is under attack. The Head of the White House has warned America less than a week before the midterm elections, trying to revive the weakening Democrats in the polls. Referring to Donald Trump, he explained that "American democracy is under attack because the defeated former president refused to accept the 2020 election results".

Federico Pani

LATIN AMERICA

Brazil, Lula wins in the ballot. The second round of elections for the office of President was held on October 30 in Brazil: the clash was between the former leader of the PT - Workers' Party - Lula, and the current right-wing president Bolsonaro. Although the latest polls had shaken Lula's certainty of victory, the 77-year-old won with 50.9% of the votes. In his words immediately after the news all his happiness: "They tried to bury me alive, but I am reborn".

(Ludovica Costantini)

Mexico, the arrival of Boric and Fernández. The president of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, has announced that he will meet at the end of November the president of Chile, Gabriel Boric, and the president of Argentina, Alberto Fernández. In the air is an invitation to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva after congratulating him on Monday on winning the Brazilian presidential elections. The leaders will arrive in the country a few days before the Pacific Alliance Summit, which will be held on November 24 and 25 in Puerto Escondido, the most populous city on the coast of Oaxaca.

(Ludovica Costantini)

Colombia, approved the tax reform proposed by Petro. The Colombian Senate approved this Thursday the tax reform proposed by the Gustavo Petro government that seeks to raise 20 billion pesos (about US $ 4,000 million) in 2023. During the debates, they decided to eliminate an article that sought to tax certain activities of the churches, while among the points that were approved it was highlighted that royalties from oil companies will not be deductible, and the creation of surcharges for banks and companies hydroelectric and oil.

(Ludovica Constantini)

Chile, the country is facing new students protests. In the Chilean capital of Santiago de Chile, High school students decided to protest against inequality, which is a crucial factor present in most of the country’s schools. The students require a better educational and sanitary system, and the protests have an echo from the ones of 2019, exploded a few months before the start of the Pandemic of Covid 19, and they created an impact in the entire country. The students are wondering why, after five years, they don’t have an answer yet about all the inequalities. The Chilean government has declared that it will remain open to hear the requests of the students.

(Francesco Andrea Rossi)

Uruguay-Argentina, new alliances with the European Union external action service. The High responsible for the European Union External action service, the Spanish Minister Joseph Borrel, has been recently in Buenos Aires, where he met various Uruguayans and Argentinians leaders, in order to create closer cooperation between Latin America and the European Union. In particular, various topics have been mentioned, such as the renewable energies system, as Uruguay is considered a worldwide leader, because the biggest production of the country (97%) are coming from renewable energetic systems. Other important topics discussed during the various meetings and related to the cooperation between the two continents were the improvement of the political dialogue, the modernization of the various networks present in the two countries and to create a closer economic integration in South America. In conclusion, the EU will cooperate for the promotion of democracy and peace in the Continent.

(Francesco Andrea Rossi)

Francesco Andrea Rossi and Ludovica Costantini

ASIA AND THE FAR EAST

South Korea, thousands of protesters ask for justice after the Itaewon crush. On October 29, a deadly crowd crush killed 156 people in Itaewon, a popular district of Seoul known for its nightlife. The tragedy happened during the Halloween celebrations, the first to be held without any Covid restriction after three years. The population is now asking for justice and accountability, and many authorities have apologized for the lack of prevention and crowd-control that led the tragic events to unfold. Among them, the Interior Minister Lee Sang-min, President Yoon Suk-yeol and the national police chief. The police will now have to respond to the rage of the grieving population, enraged by the poor management of the situation (only fifty-eight police officers were dispatched that night) and the delayed response once the emergency had already unfold (the police had received many calls warning about the worrying amount of people in the streets, but did not act until the situation became more serious).

(Laura Salvemini)

Tokyo, the capital begins recognizing same-sex couples. The capital has started to distribute certificates that recognize same sex partnerships. These documents were introduced for the first time in a Tokyo’s district in 2015 and will be now regularized for 14 million people in the capital’s area. Despite certificates are not legally binding, they allow same-sex couples to apply for public and medical services other than the possibility of buying a house like married couples. Being a deeply conservative country and being Tokyo the only area municipality to do such a thing, same-sex couples still not have the possibility to adopt or have rights over biological children.

(Chiara Giovannoni)

China, Scholz visits Xi in Beijing to discuss nuclear arms and the Ukraine conflict. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz was the first G7 leader to visit China’s president Xi Jinping after the beginning of the Covid pandemic in 2020. The two met in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing to discuss nuclear arms and the war in Ukraine. During the meeting, the two leaders agreed over the need to avoid a nuclear arms escalation during the Ukraine conflict. In relation to the war, Scholz asked Xi to use the Chinese influence over Russia to try and push towards an end of the conflict. Among the discussed topics there is also Taiwan, to which Scholz expressed acceptance for the “One China policy” but remarked that any change of the status quo should be peaceful and under a mutual agreement.

(Laura Salvemini)

Laura Salvemini and Chiara Giovannoni

WESTERN EUROPE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

Elections in Denmark, the centre-left won a majority. On 1° November, the centre-left coalition won the elections. The Social Democrats, led by Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen, obtained 27.5% of the vote (the highest percentage since 2001); the other parties of the centre-left coalition performed in line with expectations. The coalition will control 90 seats, counting Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Mette Frederiksen, who was forced to call early elections after the controversy surrounding the mink cull in 2020, has already gone to Queen Margrethe II to submit her government resignation and will begin negotiations in the next few days to try to form a centre government.

EU, European Council on Energy concluded. After long and complicated negotiations due to national divergences, an agreement was reached in Brussels to mandate the European Commission to now submit to the Twenty-Seven decisions on concrete actions to limit the impact of the energy crisis in Europe. In particular, the Commission and the Council are now expected to submit decisions on the dynamic price limit for natural gas transactions, with the aim of avoiding excessive gas prices. Other decisions discussed include rules for joint gas purchases and possible energy solidarity measures towards certain countries should there be problems with supplies. The Commission’s decisions are now awaited.

Poland, uncertainty over EU funds. The European Commission has again threatened to block Next Generation EU funds destined for Warsaw because of threats to the independence of the judiciary in Poland. Clashes continue between the European Union and the Polish government led by the extreme right-wing Law and Justice party, which in recent years has, among other things, introduced reforms on the judiciary (which allow the party to control the courts and judiciary) and declared that it does not want to respect the supremacy of European laws over Polish ones. Together with Hungary, Poland is one of the few EU countries that have not yet received Next Generation EU money.

Bianca Franzini

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND RUSSIA

Belarus, Russia protracts armaments’ escalation during its invasion of Ukraine. Last November 1st, the daily report of the British Intelligence reported that, following satellite images, Russia has “parked” two Mig-31K at the Belarus aviation air base of Machulishchy. The peculiarity of such a move stands in the implementation – on these two aircrafts – of the hypersonic ballistic missile AS-24 Killjoy also known as "Kinzhal". Russia is famous for being at the top of the industry regarding missile systems and that’s because of this that the news worries the US too. A relevant detail, the Killjoy systems can be equipped, in case of necessity, with nuclear payload.

(Rosario Giorgio Maria Saffioti)

Croatia, the country is preparing to become a gas superpower. After the new gas system inaugurated in the Croatian island of Kirk in 2021, the Balkan country is preparing to become a regional superpower for gas supply. The project is co-financed by the European Union and has 124 millions of euros, while the gas system itself is about 2,6 meters long, and it should cover the entire Croatian population. To conclude, the role of Croatia in the energetic relations could become essential in the next 3 years.

(Francesco Andrea Rossi)

Czech Republic, the government plans future Cannabis legalization. Following the decision to legalize cannabis made by Germany, majority’s coalition of the Czech government are drafting a law proposal to legalize Cannabis, for recreational purposes for adults. The works for this draft began last September; the proposal is getting finalized during these days and it should be ready to be presented around March 2023. Following its presentation, the coalition is aiming to make the law fully effective in January 2024. On this matter, Cooperation between Czech Republic and the German government will be of paramount importance. Because of this, the Czech commissioner in charge of working on the proposal - Jindřich Vobořil – announced that he is being in contact with his German colleagues, in order to harmonize their legislation.

(Rosario Giorgio Maria Saffioti)

Romania starts the negotiation for Schengen membership. In December, the country of Romania should enter the Schengen Area; The country is waiting for the approval of the European Council. The Romanian authorities have announced that Bucharest has all the requirements for joining the area, and in particular, the Romanian president affirmed that several bureaucratic and programs that the country is following are in line with the Schengen principles. The Entry of the country in the Schengen Area is supported by various Romanian members of the European Parliament, who are trying to spread their voice, and even by numerous European countries. The advantages of an eventual Romanian membership would be more freedom for Romanian people for traveling within the EU.

(Francesco Andrea Rossi)

Russia, the Wagner Group opened its first headquarters. Last Friday, the discussed paramilitary group Wagner inaugurated, in Saint Peterburg’s city, its first Headquarter. The paramilitary group has been accused for a long time of having violated human rights during its “missions”; nevertheless, Wagner Group has never declined or confirmed the existence of these missions since it has always operated in the shadows. Because of this, the decision of going public with this new headquarter may be seen as a political maneuver. This move of publicly showing the strength and the existence of the group could be a way for Prigozhin to support Putin’s policy and at the same time showing the active participation of his group within Russian politics. Benefits coming from Wagner’s operations to Russia can be noticed especially in international scenarios where, thanks to its involvement, support and sympathy towards Russia has grown considerably.

(Rosario Giorgio Maria Saffioti)

Slovenia, confirmed a second round for national elections. The Slovenian population has voted for the presidential election on the 23rd of October. The votes weren’t sufficient, and the country will have to vote again, as none of the candidates has been elected. The main challenge was between the candidates Anze logar and Nataša Pirc. Logar represents the Slovenian Conservative democratic party while Pirc has decided to join the election as an independent candidate. In case of a victory of Nataša Pirc, it would mean that Slovenia will have its female prime minister in the whole political history of the country. Anyway, the candidate Logar, who has been one of the foreigner ministers of the Slovenia republic, seems that he is the favorite on the electoral polls, and in case of his victory Slovenia will choose a candidate from the right wing.

(Francesco Andrea Rossi)

Francesco Andrea Rossi and Rosario Giorgio Maria Saffioti

MIDDLE-EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA)

Algeria, the ministry of education promotes the English language. The ministry of education and scientific research has allocated substantial funds for the promotion of the English language in schools. This activity is the direct consequence of last June's decision by Algerian President Tebboune: within the intergovernmental committee, Tebboune affirmed the need to overcome "French cultural hegemony" in the country and the importance of promoting the study of the English language, the language of the present and the future. According to a recent survey by the ministry of education, in fact, 94% of voters are in favor of teaching English from primary school. English, according to the majority of parents, teachers and leaders of the state, would be a source of greater work and academic opportunities for young Algerians.

(Sara Oldani)

Lebanon, Michel Aoun at the end of his presidential term. The President of the Lebanese Republic Michel Aoun left the presidential palace on Sunday 30 October, awaiting the official ceremony of the end of his 6-year term, which was contested or acclaimed by the parties based on his proximity to the leader of the Free Patriotic Movement. Aoun, a Maronite Christian as required by the division of power on a sectarian basis, before leaving office, signed a decree in which he challenges the government of the current outgoing Prime Minister Najib Mikati, a Sunni Muslim. Mikati would not have thought about the good of Lebanon, given its inability to form a new government following the legislative elections. This clear-cut stance by the outgoing President will cause an increase in political and social polarization in Lebanon, a country already exhausted by the financial and institutional crisis that has been going on since 2019. The failure to choose the next President of the Republic in Parliament, after the two months established by the Constitution, leaves Lebanon still in chaos.

(Sara Oldani)

Israel, the return of King Bibi: the right-wing breakfast led by leader Benjamin Netanyahu achieved a decisive victory in the Israeli elections on 1 November. But the real winners of this election round are Netanyahu's allies. In particular, the ultra-orthodox Shas party and the coalition of extremist parties, united under the electoral banner Religious Zionism, are advancing. The right-wing coalition obtained a total of 64 seats, thus securing a solid majority. The liberal party of Bibi's main opponent and current head of government, Yair Lapid, also increased its support, while its right-wing and left-wing allies suffered a sound electoral defeat. Labour, the electoral cartel of Benny Gantz and Gideon Sa'ar, and Lieberman's secular nationalist party lost some seats. The Islamists increase their support while one of the two Arab nationalist parties does not pass the threshold, as does the progressive Meretz party.

(Michele Magistretti)

Sara Oldani and Michele Magistretti

TERRORISM AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

North Korea, new missile tests toward the Sea of Japan. A total of 23 missile tests were conducted between Wednesday and Thursday by Pyongyang, one of which was directed toward the Japan Sea area, forcing authorities in Tokyo to set off alarms in population centers along the west coast. According to Japanese authorities, it was an intercontinental ballistic missile that flew over territorial waters. However, according to the Defense Ministry's statement, the test reportedly failed, as its traces were lost by control radars, suggesting that the warhead containing the explosive failed during the flight.

Ethiopia, toward a peace deal between the government and Tigray rebels. According to Nigerian President Obasanjo, one of the mediators appointed to assist the peace process, the government in Addis Ababa and members of the Tigray Popular Liberation Front have reportedly reached an agreement to permanently suspend the conflict. Dialogue between the parties had been officially resumed last Oct. 25 in South Africa, mediated by the United States. The agreement provides for the restoration of humanitarian aid to the Tigray region, where compliance will be guaranteed by an ad hoc African Union committee.

Davide Shahhosseini

Framing The World is a project conceived and created by the collaboration between members of the team of Mondo Internazionale associates.

Andrea Ghilardi: Western Europe and the European Union, Sub-Saharan Africa

Bianca Franzini: Western Europe and the European Union

Davide Shahhosseini: Terrorism and International Security

Elisa Maggiore: Latin America

Federico Pani: North America

Francesco Rossi: Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe and Russia

Giulio Cofini: Sub-Saharan Africa

Laura Salvemini: Asia and the Far East

Leonardo Aldeghi: Economics and International Finance

Lorenzo Franceschetti: Human Rights

Ludovica Costantini: Latin America

Michele Magistretti: Middle-East and North Africa

Rosario Giorgio Maria Saffioti: Central and Eastern Europe and Russia

Samuele Abrami: Middle-East and North Africa

Sara Oldani: Middle-East and North-Africa, Terrorism and International Security

Cover image: https://unsplash.com/photos/nX...