Framing The World, CIII Edition

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  06 March 2023
  23 minutes, 33 seconds

Framing The World, CIII Edition

In the latest issue of Framing we deal with human rights, from the mega-prison in El Salvador to the poisoned female students in Iran. We then move on to the commentary on the latest elections in Nigeria, arriving at Finland's official entry into NATO. All this and more in the 103th issue of Framing the World!

HUMAN RIGHTS

ECONOMICS AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

NORTH AMERICA

LATIN AMERICA

ASIA AND THE FAR EAST

WESTERN EUROPE AND EUROPEAN UNION

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND RUSSIA

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA)

TERRORISM AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY



HUMAN RIGHTS

El Salvador, 2000 inmates transferred to new prison. On 25 February, El Salvador’s government transferred 2,000 inmates to CECOT, the largest new prison in the Americas that can house up to 40000 inmates. The prison construction had been announced in July 2022 following the establishment of a state of emergency by President Bukele to deal with criminal gangs, which the government considers to be terrorist organisations. During this state of emergency, which has been extended several times, Salvadoran authorities have arrested more than 64,000 suspects. Arrests can be made without a warrant, private communications are accessible by the government, and detainees no longer have the right to a lawyer. Human Rights Watch and other human rights organisations have condemned the mass arrests, claiming that numerous innocent people have been detained, including dozens who have died in police custody.

(Lorenzo Franceschetti)


Iran, cases of poisoning in female’s schools. Since November, multiple cases of gas poisoning of female students have been reported all over Iran. Among the most affected cities are Qom, 150 kilometers from Teheran, and Borujerd. In the latter, last week 194 girls have been poisoned in four different schools. Dozens of girls have suffered from respiratory problems, nausea and dizziness. According to sanitarian authorities the country is facing an attempt of closing schools for girls. The vice minister Youness Panahi has confirmed that “the poisoning has been intentional”. From what has been stated from the government’ spokesman Ali Bahadori, ministries of Intelligence and Education are collaborating to identify the source of poisoning.

(Chiara Giovannoni)

Italy, preschools in Rome recognize same-sex parents. Claudia Pratelli, City Councilor for Education, together with the Department of Equal Opportunity announced the possibility for same-sex parents to result as “parents” and not as “other person exercising parental authority”. This represents a very important change with the aim of recognizing rights and dignity to every parent. The initiative arrives a couple of months after the sentence of the Court of Rome that had confirmed the right of two mothers to identify themselves as parents and not as mother and father on the identity card of their daughter. The sentence rejected the 2019 Decree of the Former Minister Salvini that had imposed homosexual couples to identify themselves as mother and father.

(Chiara Giovannoni)

Chiara Giovannoni and Lorenzo Franceschetti

ECONOMICS AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE

Inflation, the trend reverses. After a string of positive data, so much so that Fed Chairman Powell had rushed to declare the beginning of a deflationary period, inflation reared its ugly head again and in January's Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) index rose 0. 6 % month-on-month (+0.3% in December, +0.4% expected) and 5.4% year-on-year (5.3% in December, 4.3% for forecast), with similar figures for the core index excluding food and energy (+0.6% monthly, +4.7% on an annual basis). The PCE index is the Fed's preferred inflation measure because it is representative of a regularly updated basket of goods, as opposed to the CPI, which uses a fixed basket.

Europe, negative data. The narrative does not change for the eurozone, where February saw increases of 8.5 % (8.3% expected), slowing slightly from January (8.6%), while the core index re-accelerated, from 5.3% to 5.6%. The continental result had been anticipated in previous days by the negative data that came from Spain and France, with figures up from January that disproved the declines expected by economists and put the Macron administration, already grappling with pension-related protests, in trouble. These numbers leave very limited wiggle room for the ECB, which will announce its monetary policy decisions in a few days (March 16) and is expected to continue raising interest rates (currently at 2.5 %) by another 50 basis points.

Stock markets, optimism returns? Inflation data, but especially the realization that central banks will not be able to ease interest rates anytime soon, drove stock markets into negative territory for the month of February, which closes with declines ranging from 1.1 % for the Nasdaq to 4.2% for the Dow Jones, while Europe is spared, with the FTSE at +1.6%, DAX at +0.4% and the CAC40 at +3.8%. The first week of March, however, seems to have brought back some optimism, particularly thanks to the words of Atlanta Fed President Raphael Bostic, who while arguing against cutting rates before 2024, said he is in favor of raising rates by only 25 points at the next Fed meeting on March 15-16.

Sam Bankman Fried, new charges. The Justice Department has revealed four new charges for the former FTX CEO. Bankman-Fried had already been charged with eight counts for which he pleaded not guilty; he has been extradited from the Bahamas to the U.S. and is currently free on $250 million bail, pending trial starting Oct. 2. The new charges an unlicensed money transmitting business, bank fraud, securities fraud, and fraud involving derivatives. Meanwhile, both FTX co-founder Gary Wang and Alameda (the FTX-controlled hedge fund) co-CEO Caroline Ellison have pleaded guilty and agreed to testify against Bankman-Fried.

​​India, a marked slowdown. The Indian economy slowed conspicuously, from +6.3% in the previous quarter to +4.4% in the final quarter of 2022. The figure is affected by the sharp slowdown in consumption (from +8. 8% to +2.1%), hit by rising interest rates, and the persistent negative period for the manufacturing sector, in its second quarter of negative growth, weighed down by declining exports. The Indian government remains optimistic, however, and for the fiscal year ending in April estimates a growth rate of 7%. In the longer term, the outlook appears even better thanks to its sustained demographic growth (the country recently overtook China in terms of population) and the relocation to the sub-continent of multinationals such as Apple, Lockheed, and General Electric as envisioned in a meeting between Indian delegates, Biden administration officials and American industry representatives in late January, given concerns about conflict with China.

Leonardo Aldeghi



SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Nigeria, Bola Tinubu wins the presidential election. Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu is the new President of Nigeria. According to data provided by the Independent Electoral Commission, the candidate of the ruling party that will succeed Muhammadu Buhari would have obtained about 8.8 million votes, against 6,9 million and 6.1 million, respectively, won by Popular Democratic Party candidate Atiku Abubakar and Labour Party candidate Peter Obi. The announcement of the victory, which arrived late at night, was immediately followed by disappointment, and the opposition has already called for new elections due to delays in issuing the result. In any case, the annulment of the elections must be approved by the Supreme Court of Nigeria, which has never proceeded in this direction in its history.

(Giulio Ciofini)

Emmanuel Macron's Africa tour starts from Gabon: Last Wednesday, French President Emmanuel Macron arrived in Gabon to start his African tour that will also stop in Angola, Congo, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is a journey that comes as a result of the new French African policy that has seen Paris abandon some traditional areas of influence in West Africa, particularly Mali and Burkina Faso. Macron, guest of Gabonese President Ali Bongo Ondimba, attended a summit with other Central African heads of state linked to the protection of the tropical forests of the region to reach the area of most significant interest, the Democratic Republic of Congo, where already the anti-French sentiment was heard with protests and protests.

(Giulio Ciofini)

Ivory Coast, its embassy in Tunisia provides emergency accommodation for migrants. In late February, Tunisian President Saied had ordered the security forces to take 'urgent measures' against 'hordes' of sub-Saharan African migrants who had arrived in the country, accusing them without evidence of causing a wave of crime and plotting to change the demographic composition of the country. Across the country, the local population, fearing heavy fines and prison sentences for harbouring undocumented people, started to kick the immigrants out of their homes. Many Ivorians and Malians therefore camped for several nights outside their embassies in the cold, waiting to be repatriated. The Côte d'Ivoire embassy then moved to accommodate the stranded migrants. Initially "we were overwhelmed," said an Ivorian embassy official. "Then we managed to accommodate 55 people, including at least four women with small children." The embassy also rented 'an entire building with a dozen furnished flats'. The people moved into the buildings at the beginning of March, the embassy itself had to sign the lease to overcome the reluctance of the owners.

(Andrea Ghilardi)


Andrea Ghilardi and Giulio Ciofini



NORTH AMERICA

United States, New START suspended, Putin charges the US. In 2010, American President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed the New Nuclear Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, limiting the number of nuclear warheads both countries could deploy. The START was then extended for another five years, by Joe Biden and Putin, aiming to avoid an arms race between the two countries. Nevertheless, after the surprise visit of Biden in Kyiv and his speech in Poland, Putin decided to suspend Moscow's participation on February 21th, saying that the decision was forced by American aggression. American Secretary of State Antony Blinken called it a "deeply unfortunate and irresponsible" move, adding that the United States will "make sure that, in any event, [they will be] postured appropriately for the security" of the country and its allies.

United States, Blinken and Lavror discussion in New Delhi. During a G-20 meeting, on the 2nd of March, American Secretary of State Antony Blinken and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavror had a 10-minute conversation, marking the first time the two countries have come face-to-face since the start of the war in Ukraine. According to an US official, Blinken reiterated the American support to Ukraine until the end of the war and said that Russia should rejoin the New START nuclear treaty. He also asked for the release of Paul Whelan, an ex-US Marine who was jailed in Russia on suspicion of being a spy and is still imprisoned by the Kremlin. This brief meeting is very relevant because the last time the two counterparts met face-to-face was in January 2022 during a meeting in Geneva, just before Russia's invasion. Since the start of the war, Blinken and Lavror have attended many conferences together, but they have always avoided any direct interactions.

Lorenzo Graziani



LATIN AMERICA

Mexico, in the streets against electoral reform. Protesters in more than 80 cities across Mexico protested against Obrador’s wanted electoral system reforms. Citizens have in fact demonstrated against the reform of the National Electoral Institute approved last week. In fact, the reform provides for a major reduction in the budget allocated to the institution, which will inevitably lead to the closure of offices, reduction of personnel and tasks. This is why it is feared that the weakening of this institution may put at risk the already fragile Democracy of the country.

Perù, diplomacy crisis with Mexico for Dina Boluarte’s government. Following accusations made by the Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador that Peruvian President Dina Boluarte's government is unconstitutional, Perù decided to recall the Mexican ambassador.

Ludovica Costantini



ASIA AND THE FAR EAST

Vietnam, the parliament appoints the new president. On January 2 the National Assembly of Vietnam elected Vo Van Thuong with 98.38 percent of the votes, to fill the presidential office following the resignation of his predecessor Nguyen Xuan Phuc in January 2022. Nguyen was held responsible for "violations and wrongdoing” by officials under his control during an anti-corruption campaign launched by the party. Vo Van Thuong, 52, is the youngest member of the eighteen members of the Politburo and is considered one of the figures closest to Nguyen Phu Trong, General Secretary of the Party and main architect of the anti-corruption campaign. During his first speech before the Parliament, the new president declared that he would continue to carry out the anti-corruption campaign.

(Alessandra Tamponi)

South Korea, court recognizes the legal status of same-sex couple. On February 21, the Seoul Administrative Court of Appeal issued a sentence which recognized a homosexual man the right to benefit from his partner's health insurance. The ruling overturns an earlier sentence judged same-sex couples as non-eligible to receive the same National Service health insurance rights as heterosexual couples. The ruling marks the first legal recognition of same-sex unions in South Korea and represents a significant step forward in a country where same-sex marriages are not yet legal.

(Alessandra Tamponi)

Kazakhstan, Astana hosts the C5+1 meeting. On February 28 the capital of Kazakhstan hosted the annual meeting between representatives of the five Central Asian countries and the United States. The meeting, where topics such as economic and energy cooperation, food security, climate change, and security issues such as the fight against terrorism and extremism were discussed, was attended by the Secretary of State Anthony Blinken and the Foreign Ministers of the five Central Asian countries. One of the most significant results of the meeting is undoubtedly the decision of the United States to allocate a further investment of 25 million dollars to the Economic Resilience Initiative in Central Asia (ERICEN), launched in 2022 by the Biden administration, to expand regional trade routes and establish new export markets. The C5+1 is an annual meeting, held since 2015 involving the United States and Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and over the years has proven to be an effective tool for US diplomatic strategy in Central Asia.

(Carlo Padiglione)

India, Meloni in New Delhi on a diplomatic mission. On March 2, the Italian Prime Minister visited Delhi, ushering in a new chapter of thawing in the difficult Italian-Indian relationship. The discussion dealt with the relaunch of an economic and military partnership, with the objective of leaving behind ten years of diplomatic friction due to the “Marò crisis”. Meloni seeks to project Italy into the Indo-Pacific by relying on military collaboration with the Indian state, having signed an unprecedented memorandum on defense cooperation. Joint military exercises are planned, an action that clearly shows the new Italian government's attitude towards Beijing, Delhi's longtime rival. In a broader sense, the Meloni-Modi bilateral deal might be part of a coordinated effort with other NATO countries to shift India's geopolitics toward the West, with the aim to stop its cooperation with Moscow.

(Rocco Salvadori)



Philippines, Manila ready to take over the Quad? The Quad’s countries foreign ministers recently convened in the Indian capital. In the promoters' intent, the summit was designed to unite the group after some disputes over Ukraine. Indeed, due to its strategic reliance on Russia, New Delhi has decided not to sanction Moscow's Special Military Operation and has consistently spoken out against Western countries. As a result, the newest member of the quadrilateral table is undergoing a period of sharp contrast with the others, a situation that Philippines’ President Marcos quickly acknowledged. The March 3 summit focused on the Chinese militarization of Asian seas, a less contentious issue that was settled with a shared desire for a more free and open Indo-Pacific. By avoiding the Ukrainian issue, an atmosphere of presumed serenity was briefly restored, despite knowing that a settlement of the contrast was unfeasible. Meanwhile, Marcos has resumed work for military and defense cooperation with the US, Japan, and Australia, in an attempt to exploit the propitious occasion for Manila.

(Rocco Salvadori)



Alessandra Tamponi, Carlo Padiglione e Rocco Salvadori




WESTERN EUROPE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

Shipwreck off Cutro, investigation opened on delays in rescue operations. On February 26, a boat that left four days earlier from Turkey broke up at sea off the beach of Steccato di Cutro, Calabria. Days later, the death toll is still not definitive: at least 68 people died in the shipwreck and there is talk of several dozen still missing. The boat was carrying at least 170 people. It is the most serious shipwreck on the Italian coast since 2013. On March 2, the Crotone Public Prosecutor's Office opened an investigation to check whether crimes were committed in the chain of interventions organized after the sighting of the boat by Frontex and the Italian Coast Guard. For the time being, there is neither a definite crime hypothesis nor accused: the aim is to understand if there were any omissions and to establish responsibility for the delays in the rescue operations. At the moment, none of the institutions involved (Coast Guard, Italian Financial Police, Frontex) hold themselves responsible. The number of rescue operations in Italy has been decreasing due to the criminalisation of NGOs and the latest anti-NGO law of February 23.

(Bianca Franzini)


EU and UK reach agreement on Northern Ireland. On February 27, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak met near Windsor to discuss the revision of the Northern Ireland Protocol, a complicated issue that remained unresolved after Brexit. The new agreement, called the 'Windsor Framework', was described by London as 'a decisive breakthrough'. The pact provides for the sovereignty of Northern Ireland (since, unlike the UK, they are still subject to the European single market) over decisions taken in Brussels and the right of automatic access for Northern Irish citizens to essential British products (such as drugs and medications). The pact also guarantees the transit of goods (with the exception of those considered risky for export to Ireland to other EU countries) without bureaucratic controls and customs barriers.

(Bianca Franzini)

Finland, parliament approval of NATO membership: On March 1, the Finnish parliament approved the terms of the North Atlantic Organization (NATO) treaties with 184 votes in favor. Vanhanen, president of parliament, described the membership in the alliance as "binding, permanent and irreversible" if even necessary given the stronger available support it provides in the "zero-sum game" of which Europe is a scenario. The Finnish application for membership occurred a year ago in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine but continues to remain pending due to the positions of Turkey and Hungary. In fact, countries proceeding to join the military alliance require the approval of the 30 existing members. Indeed, Finland has so far relied on its national armed forces to defend the 1,300-kilometer border it shares with Russia. Next week, however, a Hungarian delegation will arrive in Finland to proceed in the ratification talks, and Turkey has also expressed readiness to resume negotiations on March 9. NATO chief Jens Stoltenberg said in the same week that he aims to have both northern European countries-Finland and Sweden-as members by the summit to be held in July. Although, last week Sweden was the scene of a diplomatic incident with Turkey, which took place at the embassy in Stockholm.

(Francesca Pasqualino)

Bianca Franzini and Francesca Pasqualino

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND RUSSIA

Kosovo-Serbia, the European proposal: On Monday, February 27, a meeting was held in Brussels to achieve dialogue and normalization of relations between Belgrade and Pristina, which have always been difficult. The talks were mediated by European High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy Borrell and Lajčak, EU Special Representative for the Serbia-Kosovo Dialogue. The salient contents of the agreement focus on mutual recognition of national documents and symbols and thus respect for the equality and independence of all sovereign states, a founding principle of the UN charter. Indeed, Serbia must avoid opposing actions in Kosovo's accession processes to international bodies. There will also be the creation of an EU-led special committee to monitor compliance with the agreement. More controversial, however, appears to be the implementation of Article 7, which concerns the discussion of self-government of Serbs in Kosovo and thus aims at the establishment of Serbian "municipalities." Formally, Serbia has not recognized Kosovo, and such recognition is to be explicit only once the final agreement is signed. Indeed, the talks this February mark an intermediate step that foreshadows de facto recognition.

Belarus, Lukanshenko's support for Chinese peace plan in Ukraine: Belarusian leader Lukanshenko, a close ally of Putin, later in talks with Chinese President Xi Jinping that took place in the Great Hall de People, issued a statement that he would be ready to "fully support" a plan for peace talks with Beijing with the aim of ending the conflict in Ukraine. The same Belarusian leader aided Putin in advancing the war by allowing him to use the Belarusian border with Ukraine for a later failed attack on Kiev.. The peace document includes 12 points and aims to respect the "sovereignty" of all nation-states although there is no explicit reference to the withdrawal of enemy troops in Ukraine; however, it condemns the use of "Unilateral sanctions" with references to the sanctions packages implemented by Ukraine's Western allies. The ultimate goal, however, is to avoid falling back into a global confrontation "that will see no winners" and eliminate "the whole Cold War mentality." Such a peaceful solution has garnered much skepticism in the West, however, Lukanshenko's trip to Beijing is in fact seen by many as another sign of Chinese willingness to close ranks with Russia and its allies.

Francesca Pasqualino

MIDDLE-EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MENA)

Turkey, the opposition breaks up: the conservative IYI party leaves the Alliance of the Nation, the coalition that brings together most of the political formations opposing President Erdogan's Islamist AKP party. Its leader, Meral Akşener, disagrees with the inclination of the 'Table of Six' to nominate the leader of the Republican Party (CHP), Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, as the presidential candidate. According to the polls, the CHP leader is the weakest candidate and could even lose the electoral challenge. For this reason, the IYI is willing to support either the mayor of Ankara or the mayor of Istanbul, who seem to enjoy broad support in Turkish society. Both Ekrem İmamoğlu and Mansur Yavaş have a good chance of defeating the kingmanker of Turkish politics of the past two decades, but internal divisions within the opposition and personalism risk being electorally fatal.

(Michele Magistretti)

Saudi Arabia, the "Mukaab" mega-project causes controversy. Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has officially launched the construction of "Mukaab" (lit. cube), a futuristic construction that will stand out in the ultra-modern and sustainable city of Neom. It is precisely a cube of gigantic dimensions, financed by the Saudi public investment fund, which by 2030 will house – precisely included in the development framework of Vision 2030 – one hundred thousand residential units, nine thousand hotel rooms and 1.4 million cubic meters of space dedicated to offices and entertainment. It will be the new flagship of the Saudi monarchy, in search of strategies to relaunch the economy of the tourism and cultural sector. However, the project itself has raised many criticisms from both Arab-Muslims and Westerners: the shape of the "Mukaab" is said to be similar to the sacred Kaaba in Mecca, so much so that it is labeled the "Kaaba of capitalism"; the forced displacement of members of the Howeitat tribe to make room for the work would violate their human rights.

(Sara Oldani)

Tunisia, Kais Saïed rails against sub-Saharan immigrants. Tunisian President Kais Saïed made harsh comments against migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, during a National Security Council meeting on February 28th , calling for "urgent measures" against illegal immigration. Saïed also argued that the migratory phenomenon is part of a "criminal enterprise concocted at the dawn of this century to change the demographic composition of Tunisia", in order to transform it into an "only African" country and obscure its "Arab" and "Muslim" identities. He then called on the authorities to act "at diplomatic, security and military levels".Currently, there are around 21,000 sub-saharan migrants officially registered in Tunisia. The President's words have caused a wave of xenophobia: many black africans have lost their jobs (usually informal) and their homes. Others were arbitrarily arrested and some testified to physical assaults. Several countries, such as Guinea Conakry, Ivory Coast and Mali, have organized repatriation flights after the words of the Tunisian Head of State. The African Union condemned Saïed's words

(Francesco Lorenzini)

Michele Magistretti, Sara Oldani e Francesco Lorenzini

TERRORISM AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

India, talks between Blinken and Lavrov at G20 in New Delhi. The talks held on the sidelines of a confidential meeting of G20 foreign ministers between the U.S. secretary of state and the Russian foreign minister record the first institutional meeting between the respective countries since the beginning of the conflict in Ukraine. While no official comments were made by the Kremlin regarding the meeting, Antony Blinken said at a press conference that the talks touched on the main issues that are a source of friction in the dialogue with Moscow: from the Ukraine crisis, to Russia's unilateral exit from the "New Start" treaty. The U.S. secretary went on to stress that for the United States, the issue on nuclear disarmament is of paramount importance, and that it transcends any ongoing divergence between the two major nuclear powers.

(Davide Shahhosseini)

United Kingdom, Royal Navy seizes ship carrying Iranian weapons. The seizure operation, which took place while the cargo ship was sailing in international waters in the Gulf of Oman, dates back to Feb. 23, but the same has only now been disclosed by Royal Navy authorities. According to their statement, the ship was carrying anti-tank missiles and components for the construction of medium-range ballistic missiles, among other things. Although it was not specified where the cargo was headed, according to leaked rumors from authorities in London, the final destination of the weapons was most likely the Tehran-backed Shiite Houthi rebel forces, which have been opposing Saudi-backed coalition-backed government forces since 2014.

(Davide Shahhosseini)

Algeria, President Abdelmadjid Tebboune receives former Malian rebels from the CMA in Algiers. On February 26th, the Algerian president received representatives of Tuareg tribes in Northern Mali, restless due to the centralizing thrusts of the military junta ruling in Bamako. Tebboune reiterated his country's commitment to breaking the "impasse" of the ongoing peace process, which has suffered a setback in recent months. Algeria, which shares a 1,400 kilometers border with its southern neighbor, played a key role in shaping the 2015 Algiers Peace Accord. The Algerian initiative ended the independence rebellion by nomadic tribes in Mali, started in 2012. The agreement, which notably provides for decentralization measures and the integration of former rebels into the national army, is only minimally implemented. Considered obsolete by many, it is nevertheless an essential component for a return to political and military stability in the Sahelian country that has been destabilized for 10 years by a jihadist insurgency.

(Francesco Lorenzini)

Davide Shahhosseini and Francesco Lorenzini






Framing The World is a project conceived and created by the collaboration between members of the team of Mondo Internazionale associates.

Alessandra Tamponi: Asia and the Far East

Andrea Ghilardi: Sub-Saharan Africa

Bianca Franzini: Western Europe and the European Union

Carlo Padiglione: Asia and the Far East

Davide Shahhosseini: Terrorism and International Security

Elisa Maggiore: Latin America

Francesco Lorenzini: Middle East and North Africa, Terrorism and International Security

Francesca Pasqualino: Western Europe and the European Union, Central and Eastern Europe and Russia

Francesco Rossi: Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe and Russia

Giulio Cofini: Sub-Saharan Africa

Leonardo Aldeghi: Economics and International Finance

Lorenzo Franceschetti: Human Rights

Lorenzo Graziani: North America

Ludovica Costantini: Latin America

Michele Magistretti: Middle-East and North Africa

Rocco Salvadori: Asia and the Far East

Sara Oldani: Middle-East and North-Africa



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